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<h2>Topic Review<BR>
      Emergence delirium: Myth or Reality?</h2>

<P><B>References:</B></P>

<OL>
      <LI>    Wells, L.T., Rasch, D.K. et al. Emergence&#8220;
      Delirium&#8221; after sevoflurane anesthesia: a paranoid
      delusion? <I>Anesth Analg</I> 1999; 88:1308.

      <LI>    de Armendi, A. J. et al. &#8220; Postanesthesia Care
      Unit.&#8221; In: Cote, C.J., Todres, I.D.  </I>A Practice of
      Anesthesia for Infants and Children.  3rd ed.</I> Philadelphia,
      PA. W.B.Saunders, 2001.

      <LI>    Cole, J.W. et al.  Emergence behavior in children:
      defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following
      anaesthesia.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I>  2002 12(5): 442-7.

      <LI>    Ecoffey, C. Recovery and outcome after minor pediatric
      surgery.  <I>Minerva Aneshesiologica</I> 2002; 68(5): 392-5.

      <LI>    Cohen, I.T. et al. Rapid emergence does not explain
      agitation following sevoflurane anaesthesia in infants and
      children: a comparison with propofol.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2003 13:
      63-7.

      <LI>    Cravero, J. et al.  Emergence agitation in paediatric
      patients after sevoflurane anaesthesia and no surgery: a
      comparison with halothane.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2000; 10(4): 419-24.

      <LI>    Lerman, J., Davis, P.J. et al.  Induction, recovery and
      safety characteristics of sevoflurane in children undergoing
      ambulatory surgery: a comparison with halothane. 
      <I>Anesthesiology</I> 1996; 84: 1332-40.

      <LI>    Welborn, L.G., Hannallah, R.S. et al.  Comparison of
      emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane,
      desflurane, and halothane in pediatric ambulatory patients. 
      <I>Anesth Analg</I> 1996; 83:917-20.

      <LI>    Naito, Y. Tamai, S. et al.  Comparison between
      sevoflurane and halothane for pediatric ambulatory
      anaesthesia.  <I>Br. J. Anaesth</I> 1991l 67:387-9.

      <LI> Sarner, J.B. Levine, M. et al.  Clinical characteristics
      of sevoflurane in children: a comparison with halothane. 
      <I>Anesthesiology</I> 1995; 82: 38-46.

      <LI> Greenspun, J.C., Hannallah, R.S., et al.  Comparison of
      sevoflurane and halothane anesthesia in children undergoing
      outpatient ear, nose, and throat surgery.  <I>J Clin Anesth</I>
      1995; 7:398-402.

      <LI>    Keaney, A. et al.  Postoperative behavioral changes
      following anesthesia with sevoflurane.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2004;
      14(10): 866-70.

      <LI>    Przybylo, H.J. et al.  Assessing behaviour in children
      emerging from anaesthesia: can we apply psychiatric
      diagnostic techniques? <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2003; 13(7): 609-16.

      <LI>    Sikich, N. et al  Development and psychometric
      evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium
      scale.  <I>Anesthesiology</I> 2004; 100(5): 1138-45.

      <LI>    Davis, P.J., Greenberg, J.A. et al.  Recovery
      characteristics of sevoflurane and halothane in
      preschool-aged children undergoing bilateral myringotomy and
      pressure equalization tube insertion. <I>Anesth Analg</I>.
      1999;88:34-8.

      <LI> Cravero, J.P. et al.  The effect of small dose fentanyl
      on the emergence characteristics of pediatric patients after
      sevoflurane anesthesia without surgery.  <I>Anesth Analg</I> 2003;
      97: 364-7.

      <LI>    Finkel, J.C. et al.  The effect of intranasal fentanyl
      on the emergence characteristics after sevoflurane anesthesia
      in children undergoing surgery for bilateral myringotomy tube
      placement.  <I>Anesth Analg</I> 2001; 92: 1164-8.

      <LI>    Kulka, P.J. et al.  Clonidine prevents
      sevoflurane-induced agitation in children.  <I>Anesth Analg</I>
      2001; 93: 335-8.

      <LI>    Kararmaz, A. et al.  Oral ketamine premedication can
      prevent emergence agitation in children after desflurane
      anesthesia.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2004 14: 477-82.

      <LI>    Fan, K. et al.  Influences of tramadol on emergence
      characteristics from sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric
      ambulatory surgery.  <I>Kaohsiung J Med Sci</I> 16: 255-260, 2000.

      <LI>    Shukry, M., Mathison, C. et al. Does Dexmedetomidine
      Prevent Emergence Delirium in Pediatric Patients after
      Sevoflurane-Based General Anesthesia? <I>Anesthesiology</I> 2004;
      101: A1413.

      <LI>    Cohen, I. T. et al.  Propofol or midazolam do not
      reduce the incidence  of emergence agitation associated with
      desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing
      adenotonsillectomy.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2002 12: 604-9.

      <LI>    Murray, D. et al.  Sevoflurane versus halothane:
      effect of oxycodone premedication on emergence behaviour in
      children.  <I>Paed Anaesth</I> 2002 12:308-12.
</OL>


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